SIE Market Participants and their Roles

Market participants tests who is acting, and in what capacity. A firm selling from its own inventory acts as a dealer or principal and adds a markup; a firm arranging a trade between others acts as a broker or agent and charges a commission. The same firm can do both, but not on the same trade.

Knowledge of Capital Markets · 16%80 questions20% hard
16%of the exam is Knowledge of Capital Markets, the section this topic sits in.
80questions on this topic in the PrepScore bank.
31%are understand-level questions — the dominant cognitive demand here.
1are EXCEPT / NOT items, where the answer is the odd one out.
What the SIE asks

What you actually need to know

  • Broker (agent, commission) versus dealer (principal, markup) — the distinction most questions hinge on.
  • Market makers, and the obligation that comes with quoting two-sided markets.
  • Investment advisers versus broker-dealers, and the different standards each owes.
  • Custodians, transfer agents and clearing versus introducing firms.
How this topic behaves

What 80 questions on it look like

20% of the bank for this topic is rated hard — well above the exam average. Budget more time here than its blueprint weight alone suggests.

comparison48%
sequence20%
concept16%
scenario16%

Question-type mix across the 80 questions in this topic.

From the bank

Three real market participants and their roles questions

With the explanation — which is the part that teaches.

comparison · easy · understand

A firm sells a customer 100 shares out of its own inventory and adds a markup to the price rather than charging a separate commission. In this trade, the firm is acting as a:

  1. ABroker (agent)
  2. BInvestment adviser
  3. CTransfer agent
  4. DDealer (principal)correct
Why D is correct

When a firm trades from its own account and compensates itself through a markup (or markdown), it is acting as a dealer, or principal. A broker (agent) instead arranges a trade for a customer and charges a commission.

sequence · hard · recall

In a broker-dealer relationship, which sequence best describes the basic division between an introducing broker and a clearing broker?

  1. AThe introducing broker maintains the customer relationship; the clearing broker handles clearance, settlement, custody, or related back-office functionscorrect
  2. BThe clearing broker gives investment tax advice first; the introducing broker later writes Federal Reserve policy
  3. CThe introducing broker insures bank deposits first; the clearing broker then issues municipal bonds
  4. DThe introducing broker assigns option contracts first; the clearing broker then becomes the issuer
Why A is correct

At SIE depth, an introducing broker generally has the customer relationship, while a clearing broker performs clearance, settlement, custody, and related back-office functions.

scenario · medium · apply

A firm is paid transaction commissions to execute securities purchases and sales for customer accounts. Which market-participant label most directly fits that activity?

  1. AInvestment adviser, because the described compensation is tied to securities trades rather than advice
  2. BMunicipal advisor, because securities accounts involve the possibility of municipal issuers
  3. CBroker-dealer, because the firm is effecting securities transactions for customer accountscorrect
  4. DTransfer agent, because it chooses portfolio strategy for customers for a fee
Why C is correct

A broker-dealer effects securities transactions for customer accounts and may receive transaction-based compensation. Investment advisers, municipal advisors, and transfer agents have different roles.

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FAQ

Market Participants and their Roles questions

What is the difference between acting as broker and as dealer?

As a broker the firm arranges a trade for a customer and charges a commission. As a dealer it trades from its own inventory and takes a markup or markdown.

Can a firm act as both on one trade?

No. For any single transaction the firm acts in one capacity, and it must disclose which.

What does a market maker do?

Quotes both a bid and an offer in a security and stands ready to trade at those prices, providing liquidity.
Last reviewed 2026-08-28. Exam facts sourced to FINRA’s SIE exam page and the FINRA SIE content outline. Question counts describe the PrepScore bank, not the exam.

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